• Flexcom
  • Getting Started
  • Tutorial Videos
  • Video Library
  • Licensing Options
  • New Features!
    • Flexcom 2025.1
    • Flexcom 2022.1
    • Flexcom 8.13
    • Flexcom 8.12
    • Flexcom 8.10
    • Flexcom 8.9
    • Flexcom 8.7
    • Flexcom 8.6
    • Flexcom 8.4
    • Working from Home
    • Returning Users
    • Known Software Faults
      • Flexcom 8.10.2
      • Flexcom 8.10.4
      • Flexcom 8.13.2
      • Flexcom 8.13.3
      • Flexcom 2022.1.1
      • Flexcom 2022.1.2
      • Flexcom 2022.1.3
      • Flexcom 2025.1.1
      • Flexcom 2025.1.2
  • Installation
    • System Requirements
    • Software Installation
      • Installing Flexcom
      • Installing License Management Software
    • Network Licensing
      • Network Licensing Client
      • How Licensing Works
      • NetHASP Hardware Dongle
        • Network Licensing Manager
        • NetHASP Monitor
        • NetHASP License Troubleshooting
      • Web Hosted Licensing
      • Licence Monitoring
    • Downloads
    • Flexcom-on-the-Cloud
      • Setting-up the Cloud Platform
      • Using the Cloud Platform
      • Security and Reliability
  • User Interface
    • Project Workspace
      • Keyword File Interdependencies and Status
      • File View 
    • Model Building
      • Data Entry
        • Keyword Editor
          • Colour Coding
          • Data Validation
          • Syntax Prompting
          • Auto-Completion
          • Smart Select
          • Quick Find
        • Table Editor 
        • Data Synchronisation
      • Data Validation
        • Keyword Syntax Issues 
        • Input Value Graphs
      • Finite Element Mesh
        • Line Generation Report
      • Seabed Utility
        • 2D Seabed File
        • 3D Seabed File
      • Hydrodynamic Data Importer
        • Using the Importer
        • WAMIT
        • ANSYS Aqwa
        • NEMOH
          • Installing and Running NEMOH
        • ORCAWAVE
      • Wind Field Generator
    • Running Analyses
      • Analysis Jobs
      • Analysis Status View
      • Work Sequence
      • Batch Files
    • Job Execution Service & Troubleshooting
      • Flexcom Configuration File
    • Analysis Preview
      • Wave Spectrum Plot
      • RAO Response Plot
      • Water Elevation Plot
      • Vessel Response Plot
    • Results Examination
      • Plotting
        • Plotting Toolbar
        • 2D Plots
        • 3D Plots
      • Model View
        • View Toolbar
          • Set Number and Layout of Panes
          • Save and Restore Camera Positions
          • Show Zoom Control Box
          • Show Measuring Tape Control
        • Play Toolbar
        • Display Toolbar
          • Source Indicator
          • Draw Options
            • Tags
              • Contact Nodes
            • Vessel
            • Model
            • Environment
            • Drawing
          • Scale Nodal Displacements
          • Show/Hide Element Sets
          • Control Element Colouring
          • Find Node, Element or Panel 
          • Highlight Found Node, Element or Panel
        • Timetraces and Model View Animation
        • Model View Troubleshooting
      • Element Inspector
      • AVI Studio
        • Creating a Video
        • Generating an AVI File
      • Unity Plug-In
        • Visualisation
        • Interactive Demonstration
        • Tutorial
    • Flexcom Wind
      • Project View
        • Model Folder
          • Aerofoil
          • Blade
          • Turbine
          • Tower
          • Semi-Sub Platform
            • Semi-Sub - Geometry
            • Semi-Sub - Structural Properties
            • Semi-Sub - Dynamic Loads
            • Semi-Sub - Mooring
          • Mooring Line
          • Floating Offshore Wind Turbine
        • Environment Folder
          • Environment
          • Wind
          • Current
          • Regular Wave
          • JONSWAP Wave
        • Simulations Folder
          • Simulation
            • Simulation Parameters
            • Running Simulations
            • Simulation Results
      • Migrate to Flexcom
    • Flexcom Wave
      • Project View
        • Device Parts
          • Floater
            • Floater - Geometry
            • Floater - Structural Properties
            • Floater - Dynamic Loads
          • Mooring Line
          • Tether
          • Linear Motion Power Take-Off
        • Devices
          • Floating Dual-Body Point Absorber
          • Submerged Tether-Moored Point Absorber
        • Environments
          • Metocean Data
          • Import from Exceedence
        • Simulations
          • Simulation Parameters
            • Seastate Blocks and Reference Seastates
          • Running Simulations
          • Simulation Results
            • Export to Exceedence
      • Migrate to Flexcom
  • Data Inputs
    • $AERODYN
      • *AEROFOIL INFO
      • *BEDDOES-LEISHMAN
      • *BEM THEORY
      • *DBEM THEORY
      • *DESCRIPTION
      • *ENVIRONMENT
      • *GENERAL
      • *OLAF THEORY
      • *OUTPUTS
      • *TAIL FIN AERODYNAMICS
      • *TOWER INFLUENCE
    • $CLEAR
      • *ANALYSIS TYPE
      • *DATABASE 
      • *ELEMENT SETS
      • *NAME
    • $CODE CHECKING
      • *CODE
      • *ELEMENT SETS
      • *ENVIRONMENTAL
      • *GENERAL
      • *LOAD FACTOR
      • *MATERIAL 
      • *MATERIAL-ISO
      • *REFERENCE PRESSURE
      • *RESISTANCE FACTOR
      • *SECTION PROPERTIES
      • *TIMETRACE
    • $DATABASE POSTPROCESSING
      • *AXIS/VECTOR
      • *ELEMENT SETS
      • *EXTREMA
      • *OUTPUT FILES
      • *PROPERTIES
      • *RAO
      • *RESTART
      • *SNAPSHOT
      • *SPECTRUM
      • *STANDARD OUTPUT
      • *STATISTICS
      • *TIMETRACE
    • $HISTOGRAM
      • *BINS
      • *PARA
      • *PDF
      • *SEASTATE FILES
    • $LIFEFREQUENCY
      • *BLOCK
      • *DIRECTION
      • *FATIGUE DATA
      • *HOT SPOT SETS
      • *NAME
      • *PDF
      • *PROPERTIES
      • *SEASTATE FILES
      • *S-N CURVE
      • *SPECTRUM
    • $LIFETIME CYCLE
      • *BINS
      • *CHANNELS
      • *HISTOGRAM OUTPUT
      • *NAME
      • *SEASTATE FILES
    • $LIFETIME FATIGUE
      • *BINS
      • *FATIGUE DATA
      • *HISTOGRAM DATA
      • *HOT SPOT SETS
      • *NAME
      • *PDF
      • *PROPERTIES
      • *SEASTATE FILES
      • *S-N CURVE
      • *SOURCE TYPE
      • *TD OPTIONS
    • $LOAD CASE
      • *AERODYN DRIVER
      • *ANALYSIS TYPE
      • *BOUNDARY
      • *CALM LOAD
      • *CLASHING SOLUTION
      • *CONTACT MODELLING
      • *CRITERIA
      • *CURRENT
      • *CURRENT COEFF
      • *DAMPING
      • *DAMPING FORMULATION
      • *DAMPING RATIO
      • *DATABASE
      • *DATABASE CONTENT
      • *DRIFT
      • *FD ANIMATION
      • *FORCE RAO
      • *FRICTION
      • *INFLOWWIND
      • *INTEGRATION
      • *INTERNAL FLUID
      • *LOAD
      • *MOMENTS
      • *NAME
      • *NO FINAL STATIC
      • *NO FRICTION
      • *NO HYSTERESIS
      • *NO PIP SLIDING
      • *NONLINEAR MODEL
      • *NONLINEAR STATIC
      • *OFFSET
      • *PRINT
      • *QTF
      • *QTF CALIBRATION FB
      • *RAMP
      • *RAO
      • *RAO,LOAD
      • *REGULAR WAVE EQUIVALENT
      • *RESTART
      • *SERVODYN
      • *SLUGS
      • *TEMPERATURE
      • *THRUSTER
      • *TIME
      • *TIME STEPPING
      • *TIMETRACE
      • *TOLERANCE
      • *TWIST
      • *UPSTREAM STRUCTURE
      • *USER SOLVER VARIABLES
      • *USER DEFINED ELEMENT
      • *VESSEL TIMETRACE
      • *VESSEL VELOCITY
      • *VIV DRAG
      • *VIV EFFECTS
      • *WAKE DOWNSTREAM
      • *WAKE INTERFERENCE
      • *WAKE UPSTREAM
      • *WAVE-DEANS
      • *WAVE-GENERAL
      • *WAVE-JONSWAP
      • *WAVE-OCHI-HUBBLE
      • *WAVE-PIERSON-MOSKOWITZ
      • *WAVE-REGULAR
      • *WAVE-STOKES
      • *WAVE-TIME-HISTORY
      • *WAVE-TORSETHAUGEN
      • *WAVE-USER-DEFINED
      • *WINCH
      • *WIND
      • *WIND COEFF
    • $MODEL
      • *ADDED MASS
      • *AUXILIARY
      • *BENDING HYSTERESIS
      • *BLADE GEOMETRY
      • *BLADE STRUCTURE
      • *BODY,INTEGRATED
      • *CABLE
      • *CABLE BUNDLE
      • *CALM MODEL
      • *CLASHING
      • *COATINGS
      • *COLOUR DEFINE
      • *DAMPER
      • *DAMPER DATA
      • *DRAG CHAIN
      • *DRAG LIFT
      • *ELASTIC SURFACE
      • *ELEMENT
      • *ELEMENT,AUXILIARY
      • *ELEMENT SETS
      • *EMBEDMENT
      • *EQUIVALENT
      • *FLEX JOINT
      • *FLOATING BODY
      • *FORCE-STRAIN
      • *GEOMETRIC SETS
      • *GUIDE
      • *HINGE
      • *HYDRODYNAMIC COUPLING
      • *HYDRODYNAMIC SETS
      • *LABEL
      • *LINE LOCATIONS
      • *LINE SECTION GROUPS
      • *LINES
      • *LINE PATHS
      • *LINE PATH SECTIONS
      • *LINES PIP
      • *LOCAL AXIS SYSTEM
      • *MASS
      • *MOMENT-CURVATURE
      • *MOONPOOL
      • *MOORED VESSEL
      • *NODE
      • *NODE,AUXILIARY
      • *NODE,CURVILINEAR
      • *NODE SPRING
      • *NONLINEAR STIFFENER
      • *NO OPTIMISE
      • *OCEAN
      • *PANEL,AUXILIARY
      • *PANEL SECTIONS,AUXILIARY
      • *PIP CONNECTION 
      • *PIP SECTION
      • *PIP STIFFNESS
      • *PLASTIC HARDENING
      • *POINT BUOY
      • *POISSON
      • *PROPERTIES
      • *P-Y
      • *RADIATION DAMPING
      • *RAO FORMAT
      • *RIGID SURFACE
      • *SEABED PROFILE
      • *SEABED PROPERTIES
      • *SEABED STIFFNESS
      • *SET COLOURS
      • *SPRING ELEMENT
      • *STIFFENER
      • *STRESS/STRAIN
      • *STRESS/STRAIN DIRECT
      • *T-Z
      • *TAPER
      • *TORQUE-TWIST
      • *TURBINE GEOMETRY
      • *TURBINE ROTOR
      • *VECTOR
      • *VESSEL
      • *VESSEL,INTEGRATED
      • *VISCOUS DRAG
      • *WAMIT
    • $MODES
      • *EIGENPAIRS
      • *ELEMENT SETS
      • *EXCLUDE MODES
      • *FRICTION
      • *INCLUDE MODES
      • *NAME
      • *OUTPUT OPTIONS
      • *PROPERTIES
      • *REPEAT
      • *REPLACE MODES
      • *RESTART
      • *RISER TYPE
    • $MODES POSTPROCESSING
      • *ELEMENT SETS
      • *PLOT
      • *RESTART
    • $PREPROCESSOR
      • *COMBINATIONS
      • *EXCEL VARIATIONS
      • *PARAMETERS
      • *VARIATION
    • $SHEAR7
      • *CURRENT
      • *CUTOFF MODES
      • *DAMPING RATIO
      • *FATIGUE DATA
      • *FATIGUE OPTIONS
      • *FOLDER OPTIONS
      • *HIGHER HARMONICS
      • *NAME
      • *NON-ORTHOGONAL DAMPING
      • *OUTPUT FILES
      • *POWER RATIO EXPONENT
      • *REFERENCE DIAMETER
      • *RESPONSE
      • *RESTART
      • *S-N CURVE
      • *SECTION COEFFICIENTS
      • *SECTION PARAMETERS
      • *SLIP-STICK HYSTERESIS
      • *STRESS TIME HISTORY OUTPUT
      • *VERSION
      • *ZONES
    • $SUMMARY COLLATE
      • *COLLATE
      • *IDENTIFY
      • *OUTPUT FILES
      • *PLOT
    • $SUMMARY POSTPROCESSING
      • *AXIS/VECTOR
      • *COLLATE PLOT AXES
      • *ELEMENT SETS
      • *OPTIONS
      • *PARA AERODYN
      • *PARA ANGLE AXIS
      • *PARA ANGLE ELEMENT
      • *PARA ANGLE TENSION
      • *PARA FORCE
      • *PARA FORCE ENVELOPE
      • *PARA KINEMATIC
      • *PARA REACTION
      • *PARA SEABED
      • *PARA SERVODYN
      • *RESTART
      • *STANDARD OUTPUT
      • *TIME
    • $SUMMARY WAVE SCATTER
      • *SCATTER DIAGRAM
      • *OPTIONS
      • *WAVE SPECTRUM
    • $TIMETRACE POSTPROCESSING
      • *PARAMETERS
      • *PLOT
      • *RESTART
    • UNIVERSAL
      • #INCLUDE
  • Theory
    • Fundamentals
      • Units Systems
        • Standard Unit Systems
          • Units Reference Guide
        • Files With Explicit Units
        • Files With User-Defined Units
        • Units Project Importer
          • Running the Units Importer
      • Keyword Parameterisation
        • Parameters
          • System Parameters
        • Equations
          • Mathematical Operators
          • Mathematical Functions
          • Logical Operators and Functions
          • String Operators and Functions
        • Keyword Based Variations
        • Spreadsheet Based Variations
      • Axes and Displacements
        • Global Axes
        • Global Degrees of Freedom
        • User-Defined Axes
      • Finite Element Formulation
        • Nomenclature
        • Internal Virtual Work Statement
        • Finite Element Model
        • Strain Increments
        • External Virtual Work Statement
        • Equations of Motion
        • Finite Rotation Kinematics
        • Truss Element
    • Model Building
      • Geometry
        • Nodes
        • Elements
        • Cables
          • Cable Data
          • Cable Pre-Static Step
          • Approximate Nodal Locations
          • Exact Nodal Location
          • Using Multiple Cables
          • Cables on Seabed
          • Defining Nodes in Terms of Cables
        • Equivalent Nodes
        • Node and Element Labels
        • Lines
          • Descriptive Name
          • Start and End Locations
          • Line Length
          • Line Mesh Generation
            • Meshing Algorithm
          • Structural and Hydrodynamic Properties
          • Boundary Conditions
          • Connecting Lines
          • Modelling Repeating Sub-Sections
          • Pipe-in-Pipe Configurations
          • Lines & Local Undeformed Axes 
        • Line Paths
        • Auxiliary Bodies
          • Creating Customised Object Profiles
        • Undeformed Versus Initial Positions
          • Flexcom Coordinate Axes
          • Structures without Cables
            • Default Local Undeformed Axes
            • When Initial is not Undeformed
            • Sample Application: Pipeline Model
            • Undeformed Orientation Specification
            • Putting It All Together
            • Final Comments
          • Structures with Cables
            • Why Cables Introduce Complications
            • Mixing Cable and Rigid Elements
            • Rotational Boundary Conditions and Cables
          • Conclusion
      • Geometric Properties
        • Geometric Properties in Flexible Riser Format
          • Material Models
            • Linear Elastic
            • Non-Linear Elastic
              • Curvature Slippage
            • Hysteretic Bending
              • Hysteresis Theory
              • Flexcom Methodology
              • Deepwater Catenary Example
              • Recommendations
          • Mass and Polar Inertia per Unit Length
          • Diameter Inputs
            • Internal Diameter
            • Drag Diameter
            • Buoyancy Diameter
            • Outer Diameter
            • Contact Diameter
            • Diameter Summary
        • Geometric Properties in Rigid Riser Format
          • Material Models
            • Linear Elastic
            • Non-linear Elastic
            • Linear Elastic with Plastic Hardening
              • Isotropic Plastic Hardening Bending Response
              • Isotropic Plastic Hardening Axial Response
          • Diameter Inputs
            • Outer Diameter
            • Internal Diameter
            • Drag Diameter
            • Buoyancy Diameter
            • Contact Diameter
            • Diameter Summary
          • Mass Density
          • Cross Section Properties
        • Geometric Properties in Mooring Line Format
          • Axial Stiffness
          • Mass per unit Length
          • Buoyancy Modelling
          • Diameter Inputs
            • Outer Diameter
            • Internal Diameter
            • Drag Diameter
            • Buoyancy Diameter
            • Contact Diameter
        • Geometric Properties for Truss Elements
        • Stress Properties
          • External Diameter De
          • Internal Diameter Di
          • Cross-section Area A
          • Moment of Inertia I
        • Coatings
        • Poissons Ratio
        • Tangent and Secant Stiffness
        • Non-linear Material Force Term
        • Element Diameter and Hydrodynamic Forces
        • Compression and Buckling
      • Hydrodynamic Properties
        • Constant Hydrodynamic Coefficients
        • Reynolds Number Dependent Coefficients
        • Advanced Topics
          • Subsea Buoys
          • Moonpool Hydrodynamics
          • Drag Lift
      • Special Element Types
        • Spring Elements
        • Hinge and Flex Joints
        • Tapered Joints
        • Bend Stiffeners
        • Damper Elements
        • Winch Elements
        • Point Masses and Point Buoys
        • Drag Chains
      • Pipe-in-Pipe
        • Model Set-up Guidelines
        • Pipe-in-Pipe Sections
        • Standard Connections
        • Sliding Connections
        • Contact Modelling
          • Non-Linear Power-Law Connections
        • Hydrodynamic Forces
          • Drag and Inertia on Inner Pipe Sections
      • Enviroment
        • Environmental Parameters
        • Buoyancy Forces
        • Buoyancy Formulations
        • Hydrodynamic Loading
        • Partially Submerged Elements
      • Seabed Interaction
        • Elastic Seabed Profiles
          • Sloping Profile
          • 2D Profile
          • 3D Profile
        • Rigid Seabed Profiles
          • 2D Profile
        • Seabed Contact Modelling
          • Lateral Resistance
          • Suction Zone
          • Embedment
          • Seabed Penetration
          • Negative Contact Reactions
          • Global Boundary Conditions
        • Seabed Friction
          • Seabed Friction Modelling Algorithm
          • Implications for Seabed Modelling
          • Characteristic Length Example
        • Seabed Modelling in Frequency Domain Analysis
          • Motion Normal to the Seabed
          • Motion Tangential to the Seabed
        • Seabed Modelling in Modal Analysis
          • Motion Normal to the Seabed
          • Motion Tangential to the Seabed
        • Soil Modelling
          • Operation
      • Vessels and Vessel Motions
        • Basic Vessel Concepts
        • Combining Vessel Rotations
        • Vessel Offsets
        • Low Frequency Drift Motions
        • High Frequency RAO Motions
        • Combined High and Low Frequency Motion Timetraces
        • Summary of Vessel Motion Options
        • Calculating Vessel RAO Response
          • Relevant Inputs
          • Vessel Degrees of Freedom
          • Vessel RAOs
          • Wave Heading
          • Flexcom Waves
          • Miscellaneous
        • RAO Conversions
          • WAMIT
          • ANSYS Aqwa
          • MOSES
          • OrcaFlex
          • Custom RAO Conversion
        • RAO Layouts
          • Syntax
          • MCS Layout
          • Line Layout
          • Miscellaneous
        • Moonpool Data
      • Contact Surfaces
        • Flat Guide Surfaces
        • Cylindrical Guide Surfaces
        • Guide Surface Friction Modelling
        • Contact Modelling
        • Zero-Gap Guide Surfaces
        • Contact Element Sets
        • Finite Element Mesh
        • Contact Element Diameter
        • Dynamic Analyses and Timestep Size
        • Exclude Friction Option
      • Line Clashing
        • Finite Element Mesh
        • Contact Stiffness and Damping
        • Timestep Size
        • Contact Ramp
        • Contact Regions
        • Axis System
        • Solution Outputs
      • Wind Turbine Modelling
        • Development Strategy
        • Software Architecture
          • Software Couplings
          • Rotor Blade Model
        • Model Building
        • Dynamic Simulations
        • Extraction of Results
        • Computational Methodology
          • InflowWind Overview
          • TurbSim Overview
          • AeroDyn Overview
          • ServoDyn Overview
          • Turbine Geometry
          • Aerodynamic Coordinate Systems
        • Software Modelling Limitations
        • Validation
    • Applied Loading
      • Internal Fluid
        • Gravitational and Inertial Forces
        • Centrifugal Force
        • Coriolis Force
        • Hydrostatic Pressure
        • Dynamic Pressure
        • Slug Flow
        • Inertial Effects
      • Current Loading
        • Overview
        • User Defined Currents
        • Effect of Wave on Current
        • VIV Drag
      • Wave Loading
        • Regular Airy Wave
        • Stokes V Wave
          • Stokes V Wave Theory
          • Vessel Motions - Fifth Order
          • Vessel Motions - Equivalent Airy Wave
          • Vessel Motions – Superposition of Harmonics
        • Deans Stream Wave
          • Deans Stream Theory
          • Vessel Motions - Multiple Order
          • Vessel Motions – Equivalent Airy Wave
          • Vessel Motions – Superposition of Harmonics
        • Pierson-Moskowitz Wave
        • Jonswap Wave
        • Ochi Hubble Wave
        • Torsethaugen Wave
        • User-Defined Wave Spectrum
        • Time History of Water Surface Elevation
        • Advanced Topics
          • Water Surface Elevation
          • Water Particle Velocities and Accelerations
          • Spectrum Discretisation
          • Random Seed
          • Wave Energy Spreading
          • Wave Kinematics
          • Equivalent Regular Waves
          • Selected Frequencies
      • Additional Loading Options
        • Point and Distributed Loads
        • User-Defined Forces
          • Operation
          • Subroutine Format
          • Sample User-Subroutine Load
        • Temperature Loading
        • Twist Loading
        • Vessel and Harmonic Loads
      • Boundary Conditions
        • Application of Rotational Constraints
        • Constant Boundary Conditions
        • Vessel Boundary Conditions
        • Sinusoidal Boundary Conditions
        • Harmonic Boundary Conditions
        • Arbitrary Boundary Conditions
          • Operation
          • Subroutine Format
          • Application
          • Other Points to Note
          • TLP Setdown Example
        • Timetrace Boundary Conditions
          • Displacement Boundary Conditions
          • Reference Point Boundary Conditions
      • Wake Interference
        • Operation
        • Huses Model
        • Blevins Model
        • User-Defined Wake Model
        • VIV Drag
        • VIV Effects
        • Summary of Scenarios
          • Structures Analysed Separately
          • Structures Analysed Together
      • Coupled Analysis
        • Evolution of Flexcom Capabilities
        • CALM Buoy
          • Model Set-up
          • Buoy Properties
          • Buoy Forces
        • Moored Vessel
          • Calculation of Vessel Forces
            • Hydrodynamic Loads
            • Damping Loads
            • Wave Drift Loads
            • Current Loads
            • Wind Loads
            • Thruster Loads
          • Analysis Procedure
          • Input Formats
          • Vessel Heading
        • Floating Body
          • Applied Loading
            • First-Order Wave Loads
            • Wave Radiation Loads
            • Viscous Damping Loads
            • Second-Order Wave Drift Loads
            • Current Loads
            • Wind Loads
            • Hydrodynamic Loads
          • Time Domain Analysis
          • Frequency Domain Analysis
          • Diffraction-Radiation Theory and Morison's Equation
          • Floating Body Modelling Detail
          • Analysis Sequence
          • WAMIT Interface
          • Input Formats
            • Force RAOs
            • Current Force Coefficients
            • Wind Force Coefficients
            • QTF Coefficients
            • QTF Calibration Coefficients
            • Added Mass Coefficients
            • Radiation Damping Coefficients
            • Viscous Damping Coefficients
            • Hydrodynamic Coupling Coefficients
            • Direction and Heading Conventions
      • User Subroutines
        • User Defined Element
        • User Solver Variables
        • DLL Compilation
        • Subroutine Format
    • Analysis
      • Static Analysis
        • Time Variables in Static Analysis
        • Solution Criteria Automation
      • Restart Analyses
        • Restart Types
        • Data Specification in a Restart
      • Time Domain Analysis
        • Time Variables
          • Fixed Time Stepping
          • Variable Time Stepping
          • Choice of Time Step
          • Simulation Length
          • Load Ramping
        • Time Integration Algorithms
          • Theory
        • Quasi-Static Analysis
        • Damping
          • Damping Coefficients
          • Damping Ratio
          • Deformation Mode Damping
          • Damping Formulation
      • Frequency Domain Analysis
        • Evolution of Flexcom Software
        • Mathematical Background
        • Static Solution
        • Dynamic Solution
        • Drag Linearisation
        • Summary of Solution Procedures
      • Modal Analysis
        • Mathematical Background
        • Seabed Modelling
        • Subspace Iteration
        • Output File
        • Solution Convergence
        • SHEAR7 Interface
          • Modal Data Specification
          • SHEAR7 Data Specification
          • Modes Operation
          • Identifying Mixed Modes
          • Additional Output and Repeat Runs
          • SHEAR7 Interfacing Operation
          • MDS File Format
      • Time Domain Fatigue Analysis
        • Fatigue Analysis (Mode 1)
          • Fatigue Analysis Methods
          • Program Outputs
          • VIV Induced Fatigue of Pipe-in-Pipe Systems
        • Cycle Counting Analysis (Mode 2)
          • Program Outputs
        • Input Data
          • S-N Curve Data
          • Scale Factor for Stress Computations
          • Threshold Thickness
          • Stress Properties
        • Stress Histograms
      • Frequency Domain Fatigue Analysis
        • Input Data
          • Structural and Environmental Data
          • Long Term Environmental Conditions
          • Pre-Run Analyses
          • Fatigue Data
        • Analysis Procedure
          • Flexcom Analyses
          • Computation of Stress Spectra
          • Stress Ranges
          • Fatigue Damage
          • Special Cases
        • Histogram Overview
      • Specialised Solution Topics
        • Solution Convergence
          • Energy Residual Convergence
          • Frequency Domain Convergence
        • Bandwidth Optimisation
        • Gaussian Quadrature
      • Troubleshooting Simulation Failures
        • Main Output File
        • Model Building Guidelines
          • Complex Model
          • Finite Element Discretisation
          • Structural Properties
          • Nonlinear Properties
          • Model Preview Facility
          • Cable Solution
        • Solution Recommendations
          • Convergence Ratios
          • Indeterminate Solutions
          • Converged Solutions
          • Time Stepping
          • Solution Parameters
          • Frequency Domain Analysis
          • Quasi-Static Analysis
          • Modal Analysis
        • Model View Troubleshooting
        • NetHASP License Troubleshooting
        • Contact Us
    • Postprocessing
      • Data Storage Files
        • Database Files
          • Storage Options
        • Timetrace Files
      • Database Postprocessing
        • Output Categories
        • Graphical Output
        • Tabular Output
        • Spreadsheet Output
      • Summary Postprocessing
        • Output Parameters
        • Other Points to Note
        • Summary Output File
      • Summary Wave Scatter
        • User Operation
        • Extrapolation Technique
        • Wave Energy Period
      • Summary Postprocessing Collation
        • Summary Database File
        • Data Collation
        • Summary Collation Spreadsheet
        • Summary Collation Plot
      • Timetrace Postprocessing
        • Storage Format
        • Output Files
      • Advanced Topics
        • Angles Output
          • Angle between Two Elements
          • Angle between an Element and a Vector
          • Angle between an Element and an Axis System
          • Angle between a Vector and a Vector
        • Extreme Values
          • Extreme Value Principles
          • Rayleigh
          • Weibull
        • Spectra and Ensembles
        • Computation of RAOs
          • Regular Wave RAO Computation
          • Irregular Wave RAO Computation
      • Modal Analysis Postprocessing
        • Mode Shapes
        • Modal Displacement and Curvature
      • Clearance & Interference Postprocessing
        • Operation
        • Analysis Type
        • Minimum Distance
        • External Diameter
        • Database Name
      • Code Checking
        • Inputs
        • Operation
        • Output
      • Force and Stress Outputs
        • Local Node Input
        • Force Variable Input
        • Location Parameter Input
        • Bending Moment Sign Convention
        • Shear Force Sign Convention
        • Torque Sign Convention
        • Axial Force and Effective Tension
        • Bending Stress
        • Bending Strain
        • Planar Curvature
        • Hoop Stress
        • Radial Stress
        • Axial Stress
        • Axial Strain
        • Torsional Stress
        • Torsional Strain
        • Von Mises Stress (Standard Method)
        • Von Mises Stress (API-2RD Method)
        • Longitudinal Strain
        • Longitudinal Stress
        • Plasticity Related Ouputs
        • Sidewall Pressure
      • Custom Postprocessing
        • Excel Add-in
          • Overview
          • VBA
          • Formula Recalculation - Important Information
          • General Functions
            • GetClashingRegionCount
            • GetElementCount
            • GetFlatGuideCount
            • GetLabelCount
            • GetModifiedDate
            • GetNodeCount
            • GetParameterType
            • GetPIPConnectionCount
            • GetZeroGapGuideCount
            • IsValidDatabase
            • IsValidDatabaseAsText
            • UpdateHeaderIfChanged
          • Element Functions
            • GetElementEndNode
            • GetElementIndexFromUserElement
            • GetElementInnerDiameter
            • GetElementLength
            • GetElementOuterDiameter
            • GetElementStartNode
            • GetUserElementNumber
          • Label Functions
            • GetLabel
            • GetLabelType
            • GetLabelTypeForLabel
            • GetUserElementFromLabel
            • GetUserNodeFromLabel
          • Node Functions
            • GetNodeIndexFromUserNode
            • GetUserNodeNumber
          • Set Functions
            • GetElementDistanceAlongSet
            • GetNodeDistanceAlongSet
            • GetSetCount
            • GetSetElement
            • GetSetElementCount
            • GetSetName
          • Time Functions
            • GetSolutionTimeCount
            • GetTime
            • GetTimeIndex
          • Force Functions
            • GetAxialForce
            • GetAxialStrain
            • GetClashingImpulse
            • GetClashingReaction
            • GetEffectiveTension
            • GetFlatGuideReaction
            • GetForceValue
            • GetLocalYBendingMoment
            • GetLocalYCurvature
            • GetLocalYShearForce
            • GetLocalZBendingMoment
            • GetLocalZCurvature
            • GetLocalZShearForce
            • GetNodeReaction
            • GetPIPReaction
            • GetPressure
            • GetTemperature
            • GetTorque
            • GetZeroGapGuideReaction
          • Kinematic Functions
            • GetAcceleration
            • GetKinematicValue
            • GetPosition
            • GetVelocity
        • Database Access Routines
          • Database Files
          • Database Access Routines
            • GetDatabaseInfo
            • XIT
            • GetAnalysisDetails
            • GetProcessedDirectStressStrainData
            • GetNodeProperties
            • GetElementProperties
            • GetRequestedHistory
            • GetRequestedHistoryError
            • GetRequestedSingleValue
            • GetRequestedSingleValueError
          • Motion Database File Structure
          • Force Database File Structure
        • Python
  • Examples
    • A - Top Tensioned Risers
      • A01 - Deepwater Drilling Riser
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
          • Drilling Riser Joints
          • Soil Structure Interaction
          • Riser Tensioning System
          • Vessel Drift-Off
          • Emergency Disconnect
        • Analyses
          • Normal Operating
          • Disconnected Mode
          • Drift-Off
          • Emergency Disconnect
        • Results
          • Connected Mode, Normal Operating
          • Disconnected Mode
          • Connected Mode, Drift-Off
          • Emergency Disconnect
        • Input Data
          • Drilling Riser Joints
          • Telescopic Joint
          • Tensioner
          • LMRP
          • BOP
          • Wellhead Connector
          • Conductor/Casing
          • Flex Joints
          • Internal Fluids
          • Vessel – Connected, Normal Operating and Disconnected Modes
          • Vessel – Connected Mode, Drift-Off Analysis
          • Soil
          • Current Loading
          • Wave Scatter Diagram
          • Wave Loading
          • Wind Loading
        • Calculation of Flexcom Input Data
          • General
          • Peripheral Lines
          • Buoyancy Modules
          • Drilling Riser Joint 1
          • Drilling Riser Joint 2
          • Drilling Riser Joint 3
          • Termination Joint
          • Outer Barrel
          • Inner Barrel
          • Tensioner
          • Slip Ring
          • Conductor/Casing
          • Wellhead
          • BOP
          • LMRP
      • A02 - Spar Production Riser
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • A03 - Pipe-in-Pipe Production Riser
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • A04 - TTR Wake Interference
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • A05 - Marine Riser with Landing String
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
    • B - Steel Catenary Risers
      • B01 - Steel Catenary Riser
        • Introduction
        • System Modelling
        • Analyses
        • Results
          • Dynamic Analysis
          • Modal Analysis
          • Frequency Domain Fatigue Analysis
          • Frequency Domain Cycle Counting Analysis
      • B02 - SCR Transfer
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analysis Summary
        • Results
    • C - Flexible Risers
      • C01 - Free Hanging Catenary
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • C02 - Multi-Line Flexible System
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • C03 - Turret Disconnect
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
    • D - Mooring Systems
      • D01 - Moored Vessel
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
    • E - Offloading Systems
      • E01 - CALM Buoy - Simple
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • E02 - CALM Buoy - Complex
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • E03 - Floating Hose
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
    • F - Pipelines
      • F01 - As-Laid Span Analysis
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • F02 - Upheaval Buckling
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
    • G - Hybrid Riser Systems
      • G01 - Jumper Clashing
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • G02 - Jumper Wake Interference
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • G03 - Rigid Spool
        • Introduction
        • Results
    • H - Installation Analysis
      • H01 - Bundle Tow-Out and Installation
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • H02 - J-Tube Pull-In
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • H03 - Articulated Stinger
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • H04 - Pipe Laying
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • H05 - Steel Pipe Installation with Plastic Deformation
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
    • I - Offshore Structures
      • I01 - Jack-Up Platform
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
    • J - Specialised Examples
      • J01 - Dropped Object and Recovery
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Analyses
        • Results
      • J02 - Advanced Database Postprocessing
        • Database Access via Excel VBA
          • Node Positions Example
          • Element Statistics Example
        • Database Access via Fortran DAR
        • Database Access via Python
      • J03 - Summary Postprocessing Collation
        • Riser System
        • Load Case Simulation
        • Postprocessing
        • Collation
        • Spreadsheet Output
        • 3D Plots
      • J04 - User Solver Variables
        • J04a - Follower Force
        • J04b - Sphere Contact
        • Mass Matrix Output
      • J05 - Tower Crane & Pulleys
        • Overview
        • Model Building
        • Results
    • K - Software Tutorials
      • K01 - Worked Example - Simple
        • Riser System
        • Project Structure
        • Model Building
        • Structural and Hydronamic Properties
        • Environment 
        • Vessel and RAO Data
        • Initial Static Analysis
        • Dynamic Analysis
      • K02 - Worked Example - Complex
        • Riser System
        • Project Structure
        • Model Building
        • Structural and Hydrodynamic Properties
        • Environment and Loading
        • Vessel and RAO Data
        • Boundary Conditions
        • Initial Static Analysis
        • Vessel Offset Analyses
        • Regular Wave Analyses
        • Results Collation
        • Video Creation
        • Code Checking Post-Processing
    • L - Wind Energy
      • L01 - OC4 Semi-Submersible
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Results
          • OC4 P2 LC1.1 Eigenanalysis
          • OC4 P2 LC1.2 Static equilibrium
          • OC4 P2 LC1.3a Free decay, surge
          • OC4 P2 LC1.3b Free decay, heave
          • OC4 P2 LC1.3c Free decay, pitch
          • OC4 P2 LC1.3d Free decay, yaw
          • OC4 P2 LC2.1 Regular waves
          • OC4 P2 LC2.2 Irregular waves
          • OC4 P2 LC2.3 Current only
          • OC4 P2 LC2.4 Current and regular waves
          • OC4 P2 LC2.5 50-year extreme wave
          • OC4 P2 LC2.6 RAO estimation, no wind
          • OC4 P2 LC3.1 Deterministic, below rated
          • OC4 P2 LC3.1 Modified (control system test)
          • OC4 P2 LC3.2 Stochastic, at rated
          • OC4 P2 LC3.3 Stochastic, above rated
          • OC4 P2 LC3.4 Wind, wave and current
          • OC4 P2 LC3.5 50-year extreme wind/wave
          • OC4 P2 LC3.6 Wind/wave misalignment
          • OC4 P2 LC3.7 RAO estimation, with wind
      • L02 - OC4 Semi-Submersible (Flexcom Wind)
      • L03 - OC4 Jacket
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Results
          • OC4 P1 LC0.0 Mass comparisons
          • OC4 P1 LC1.0 Eigenanalysis
          • OC4 P1 LC2.1 Static Equilibrium
          • OC4 P1 LC2.2 Steady Wind
          • OC4 P1 LC2.3a Airy Wave
          • OC4 P1 LC2.3b Deans Wave
          • OC4 P1 LC4.3b Deans Wave
          • OC4 P1 LC5.6 Steady Wind Deans Wave
          • OC4 P1 LC5.7 Turbulent Wind Irregular Wave
      • L04 - IEA 15MW RWT
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Results
          • Free Decay Tests
          • Wave Induced Motion RAOs
          • Design Load Cases
          • Yaw Alignment Demo
          • Turbine Performance Test
          • Subsea Power Cable
          • Wave Peak Times
      • L05 – Stiesdal Tetraspar (OC6)
        • Introduction
        • Model Building
        • Results
          • Static Analysis
          • Surge Offset Test
          • Free Decay Tests
          • Wind Only Loading
          • Wave Only Loading
          • Wind & Wave Loading
      • L06 - IEA 22MW RWT
        • Steady Wind
        • Stepped Wind
        • Turbulent Wind
        • Run Time Performance
      • L07 - IEA 3.4MW RWT
        • Steady Wind
      • L08 - IEA 10MW RWT
        • Steady Wind
    • M - Wave Energy
      • M01 - Floating Dual-Body Point Absorber
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Environment
        • Results
      • M02 - Submerged Tether-Moored Point Absorber
        • Introduction
        • Model Summary
        • Environment
        • Results
      • M03 - Measurement Buoy
        • Model Summary
        • Environment
        • Results
  • Troubleshooting Guide
  • References
  • 3rd Party Software & External Libraries